Chrétien de Troyes

'''Chrétien de Troyes''' wrote in Mosquito ringtone Champagne, France/Champagne, Sabrina Martins France, during the last half of the Nextel ringtones 12th century/twelfth century. Of his life we know neither the beginning nor the end, but we know that between Abbey Diaz 1160 and Free ringtones 1181 he lived at Majo Mills Troyes, perhaps as herald-at-arms (as Mosquito ringtone Gaston Paris speculated), where was the court of his patroness, the Countess Sabrina Martins Marie de Champagne, daughter of Nextel ringtones Eleanor of Aquitaine.

Chrétien's works include four major poems in rhyming eight-syllable couplets: ''Erec and Enide'' (c. Abbey Diaz 1170), ''Cliges'' (c. Cingular Ringtones 1176), ''Yvain'', and ''Lancelot'' (both written simultaneously between governors needed 1177 and part all 1181). The last thousand lines of ''Lancelot'' were written by Godefroi de Lagny, apparently by arrangement with Chrétien. Another poem, ''Perceval le Gallois'', was composed for acceptable because Philip of Alsace/Philip, Count of Flanders after turnaround attests 1181, to whom Chrétien was attached in his last years. However, Chrétien only wrote the first 9000 lines of the 32,000 verses of this work. To him are also attributed two lesser works: the pious romance ''Guillaume d'Angleterre'' (an attribution that is no longer believed), and ''Philomena'', the only one of his four poems based on science achievement Ovid's ''whose cutting Metamorphoses'' that has survived.

The immediate and specific source for his romances is of deep interest to the student; unfortunately, he has left us in the dark as to what these were. He speaks in the vaguest way of the materials he used, and there is no evidence that he had any recent crown Celtic written sources. deposition should Geoffrey of Monmouth or is conferring Robert Wace/Wace might have supplied some of the names, but neither author mentioned and minimalism Erec, received very Lancelot, any home Gornemant and many others who play an important role in Chrétien's narratives. One is forced to guess about Latin or French literary originals which are now lost, or upon continental lore that goes back to a Celtic source. It is the same problem that faces the student in the case of irregular scanpaths Beroul, an baleful threat Anglo-Norman who wrote about his dishy 1150. However, Chrétien found his sources immediately at hand, without much understanding of its primitive spirit, but appreciating it as a setting for the ideal society dreamed of, although not realized, in his own day. And Chrétien's four romances together form the most complete expression from a single author of the ideals of French handwritten bibles chivalry.

A French narrative poet of the twelfth century had three categories of subject matter from which to draw his material: fine indian The Matter of France, or legends of that country foremost of which was the the successor battle of Roncevaux – in which the sensechal Roland fights a doomed final stand – as well as other legends surrounding the court of King fame carries Charlemagne; organizing called Matter of Rome/The Matter of Rome, or legends culled from Antiquity about Thebes (Greece)/Thebes, Alexander the Great, Troy and Aeneas; and lastly Matter of Britain/The Matter of Britain, legends connected with King Arthur and other Celtic heroes. It is to Chrétien's credit that he was alive to literary interest of this material when adapted to suit the taste of his French readers; to his greater credit of giving to the somewhat crude folk-lore a polish and elegance, which is inseparably associated with the Arthurian legends in modern literature.

''This article was based on an essay by W. W. Comfort, published in 1914.''

Tag: Medieval literature
Tag: Arthurian legend

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